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Many instructors use “test” and “exam” interchangeably, but for students, an exam refers to either a mid-term or final exam. It’s the granddaddy of tests in both high school and college. You can expect that an exam will be long (long enough that most college instructors allow hours rather than minutes for it to be taken). It has to be long: Most exams will cover all of the material that the course has covered so far. Although some instructors don’t use exams at all, those who do frequently make it a large part of your final grade for the term. For instance, some instructors consider the exam grade as one third of your total score for the class.
Unit testing finds problems early in the development cycle. This includes both bugs in the programmer’s implementation and flaws or missing parts of the specification for the unit. The process of writing a thorough set of tests forces the author to think through inputs, outputs, and error conditions, and thus more crisply define the unit’s desired behavior.
For unit testing you shouldn’t need to get the data from the web, otherwise you’re writing integration tests. You should have some object that kicks off the async task, another object that IS the async task, and yet another object that uses the data from the async task. All of these should be unit tested independently of each other. You should utilize dependency injection and mock the injected dependencies, so that there’s never any need to run an asynchronous task in any of the unit tests.
Fast. Developers write unit tests so they can repeatedly run them and check that no bugs have been introduced. If unit tests are slow, developers are more likely to skip running them on their own machines. One slow test won’t make a significant difference; add one thousand more and we’re surely stuck waiting for a while. Slow unit tests may also indicate that either the system under test, or the test itself, interacts with external systems, making it environment-dependent.
Using Singletons is a bad practice that can (and should) be avoided in most cases; however, it is important to distinguish between Singleton as a design pattern, and a single instance of an object. In the latter case, the responsibility of creating and maintaining a single instance lies with the application itself. Typically, this is handed with a factory or Dependency Injection container, which creates a single instance somewhere near the “top” of the application
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